Determining the green technology innovation accelator and natural resources towards decarbonization for the EU countries: evidence from MMQR.

Gearing up for green technology innovation (GTI) and natural resources has become even more important in the transition to a zero-emission life, a green economy, and sustainable development goals. This attempt has become a situation that needs to be overpowered much sooner by the European countries, which have encountered challenges in many ways, especially regarding natural resources, energy supply, and the climate crisis. In this vein, the current study follows the novel, robust Method of Moment Quantile-Regression (MM-QR), which successfully yields heterogeneous information structure across quantiles, to examine the determinants of GTI for 15 EU countries over the period of 2003-2018. MM-QR estimation results indicate that the determinants of green technology innovation are heterogeneous across the EU countries. While green growth (GG) has an adverse impact on GTI in middle- and high-GTI countries, the effect of ecological footprint on GTI is positive for countries in the highest-GTI countries. The positive effects of financial development (FD) on GTI are revealed for all countries. Remarkably, environmental taxes have an adverse and positive influence on GTI in the lowest and highest quantile countries, respectively. Finally, renewable energy and greenfield FDI have no effect on GTI. Governments can promote GTI by providing financial resources, in the most immaculate way, to firms that engage in green technology projects, as well as by encouraging these through environmental taxes.

Dynamic impact of demographic features, FDI, and technological innovations on ecological footprint: evidence from European emerging economies.

Climate change effect mitigation is a critical priority for top leaders and communities around the globe. Human-induced environmental issues are affecting humankind's standard of living and development potential and the planetary boundaries. Sustainability objectives aim to enhance environmental quality and ensure sustainable development for all by eliminating social inequalities. This study examines the complex relationships between demographic features, foreign direct investment, technological innovation, and ecological footprint, emphasizing the relevance of population aging, population density, and urbanization in this context. The research uses a selection of emerging European economies during 1995-2018. The reasons for countries' selection are related to the increasing rate of population aging in European countries, the attractiveness for foreign direct investment, the economic growth, and the technological advancement potential these emerging countries possess. In order to investigate the long-run relationship between the selected variables, the study tests the cross-section dependence, homogeneity, and cointegration and uses Konya tests to determine panel causality. Based on Konya methodology, differences between countries in the panel are evidenced and discussed accordingly. Our findings confirm the long-run relationship between environment, technological innovation, population aging, and FDI. The results of this research are highly relevant for policymakers in selected countries for identifying the set of correlations and the relevance of various variables in such national economies. Demographic features such as population aging and population density are critical for Europe, and the results show the impact on the ecological footprint.

Sustainable pathways for attaining net-zero emissions in European emerging countries - the nexus between renewable energy sources and ecological footprint.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between renewable energy and ecological footprint during the period of 1994-2018 from selected developing countries in Europe (Czechia, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Romania, and Turkey). In this context, the ecological footprint (EF), which has recently been the most widely used environmental indicator in the literature and is known as the most comprehensive because it includes many environmental factors, has been determined as the dependent variable. As independent variables, renewable energy consumption (REC), energy-related tax revenue (ETR), and energy productivity (EP) are included in the model. GDP and development of environment-related technologies (DET), which affect the ecological footprint in the model, are determined as control variables. As a result of the panel data analysis, according to the Durbin-Hausman cointegration test result, a long-term relationship between the variables was determined. According to the CCE estimator analysis, it can be said that there is a positive relationship between ETR and GDP variables and EF. For the AMG estimator analysis, it can be said that there is a positive relationship between GDP and EP variables and EF. Finally, according to the results of the Konya Causality test, a unidirectional causality relationship is detected from environmental technologies to the ecological footprint in Turkey, and a unidirectional causality relationship from the ecological footprint to GDP in Czechia, Romania, and Turkey. Furthermore, no causality relationship is detected between other variables. Based on the results, several policy implications are suggested.

Pollution haven or pollution halo in the fishing footprint: Evidence from Indonesia.

This study tests the pollution halo/haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in Indonesia by considering the fishing footprint (FF) as the environmental degradation indicator over the period 1976-2018. The results provide evidence of the validity of the pollution halo hypothesis and the EKC. Besides, we found that trade openness in the fishery sector harms the FF. These results have important policy implications for Indonesia. (i) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) positively affects the fishing environment, which may be due to the beneficial implications of the FDI in the fishery sector via modern management techniques, cutting-edge technologies, increased productivity, and know-how transfers. (ii) The validity of the EKC hypothesis with the estimated turning point of 4579.513 US Dollars indicates that the Indonesian fishing environment deteriorates till the per capita GDP level reaches 4579.513 and then improves after this point. (iii) Increased free trade in fishery products contributes to environmental quality.

Environment, education, and economy nexus: evidence from selected EU countries.

Among the most fundamental problems today are environmental problems. As people earn higher incomes as a result of getting a good education, their sensitivity to environmental problems increases. As the income level of both the consumers who have received quality education and the producers who make conscious production increases, their demand for environmental quality and their sensitivity to environmental problems will also increase so it is thought that educational expenditures and policies can affect the number and cost of environmental problems. On the other hand, economic activities comprehensively consume natural resources and impact the ecological quality adversely. Therefore, GDP and the educational expenditures variables are used in the model. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between environment, education, and economy during the period of 1998-2017 from selected EU countries (Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia). As a result of the panel data analysis, according to the Durbin-Hausman cointegration test result, a long-run relationship between the variables was determined at the level of 1%. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, a unidirectional causality relationship from educational expenditures to ecological footprint at the level of 5%, a unidirectional causality relationship from ecological footprint to renewable energy at the level of 1%, and a bidirectional causality relationship at the level of 1% between ecological footprint and GDP were determined. According to the results of Granger causality test based on the VEC model, a unidirectional causality relationship from ecological footprint to educational expenditures at the level of 5%, and bidirectional causality relationship between ecological footprint and renewable energy (from ecological footprint to renewable energy at the level of 10%; from renewable energy to ecological footprint at the level of 1%) were determined. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that economic and educational policy makers should be aware that they have important consequences on environment.

Causation between energy consumption and climate change in the countries with the highest global climate risk.

The study aims to examine if there is causation between "energy consumption" and "climate change" through the data of ten countries with the highest Climate Risk Index (CRI) scores. The ten highest CRI score countries include Puerto Rico, Myanmar, Haiti, Philippines, Mozambique, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, and Nepal. The annual data for the years 2005-2019 was used because of the data constraints. CRI is selected as the dependent variable. As for the independent variables, the ratios of the energy consumption of the key sectors indicated by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to the total energy consumption are chosen. These key sectors in energy consumption are industry (IND), transportation (TRA), trade and public services (TPS), and housing (HOU). Economic growth (EG), which is one of the main factors affecting climate change in the literature, is included in the model as the control variable. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, there is one-way causality from transportation towards CRI, but not any causality between others. It is evaluated that since the transportation sector is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, it has a strong effect on the amount of CO2 emissions and a significant determining role on climate change.